Blast from the Past: This piece was first published on May 7, 2022, and was republished on October 25, 2025. The original posting explained the distinction between a comprehension effect and a learning effect. Recently, I published a book on “leveled reading” that addresses this difference more thoroughly (Shanahan, 2025). The failure to make a discernment between these two outcomes has led to many pedagogical failures. Given that, I thought this to be a good time to sharpen the points made here, providing greater clarity and some background information about the source of this unf...