What Do You Think of the Reading Workshop? or How Not to Teach Reading Comprehension

I recommend, "Motivating Reading Comprehension: Concept-Oriented Reading Instruction", by John Guthrie, Allan Wigfield , and Kathleen Perencevich (Editors). It's from 2004 - but don't let that deter you. Lots to learn here about teaching reading comprehension within an engagement framework. The book has many classroom examples that will resonate with teachers. The focus is on grades 3-6, but very relevant to Middle school teachers as well.
For Middle and High School teachers, see Engaging Adolescents in Reading, by John T. Guthrie (Editor).

I wish EVERY TEACHER would be required to read these insightful comments Dr. Shanahan!

I respect your opinion. My question to you would be how would you teach reading to 3rd graders? Please answer with your best choice in a researched based curriculum and/or methodology. I am interested in your opinion.

I have the same question as Sherri Morgan. We also use workshop model AND we use Lucy Calkins as our guide. I am very open to ideas/suggestions to help our students to become competent lovers of reading. Thanks!

You are spot on. I am a Reading Specialist who has been teaching reading at the elementary level, middle school level, college level reading department, then back to coaching reading and writing instruction. It seems everyone in my area has drunk the Calkins kool-aid but I truly agree that she has bitten off more than she can chew with reading. In fact, reading workshop notwithstanding, I was just made to give up my fledgling Fundations initiative in K-2 because Calkins Phonics is endorsed by the district and my Fundations implementation was decided upon and funded at my building level based on our interpretation of the data. Can I move to Chicago and help you run a study to put this issue to rest? Discouraged in Massachusetts.

The good news is that Tim isn't the only one saying that the emperor isn't wearing any clothes. The wonderful new audio documentary by Emily Hanford, At a Loss for Words https://www.apmreports.org/story/2019/08/22/whats-wrong-how-schools-teach-reading, also calls out the reigning emperors who have a stranglehold on many districts, and she meticulously dissects their midguided approaches. At the end, she states: "I wanted to know what the authors of those materials make of the cognitive science research. And I wanted to give them a chance to explain the ideas behind their work. I wrote to Calkins, Fountas and Pinnell and asked for interviews. They all declined. Heinemann sent a statement that said every product the company sells is informed by extensive research." There are many of us who are thinking globally but fighting locally.

Why is the education community referring to students as learners? I find this very disturbing. Also, my daughter went to a school that used the approach by Calkins and she became a very lazy reader and learned nothing. This program is harmful and I don't understand why so many teachers have embraced this terrible curriculum. They don't read classics in this program because too many white makes wrote the classic books and there isn't enough "diversity". That is the real reason why the classics have been tossed in this program. They care more about diversity than actual quality literature that might have a focus and value on God.

Preach.
????Please help districts, schools, leaders, & teachers learn that Reader’s & Writer’s Workshop are not research based practices. Add to that message that high-quality curriculum should be adopted & implemented instead of the workshop model.
????Please stop revising, writing, editing, enhancing, supplementing curriculum... etc.

????Leaving old practices behind that haven’t worked doesn’t mean we have failed! ????

I read through the comments, and I wanted to respond briefly.

I’m really over the idea of getting kids to love reading. I’ve learned so much these past few months about learning disabilities and how kids struggle to read. I understand the concept that reading is not natural, and it is a difficult process for more people than we admit.

I want parents and student to know the magic of reading. It is amazing how our brains are able to create an interface between different parts to learn how to read.

This is not as easy for some learners as others and just wanting them to love reading is not enough. We have to use reading strategies based on scientific research. Teachers have to be adept in knowing the major areas of of reading outlined by the NRPR (phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension) and the strands that fall under each one of those areas (see The Simple View of Reading).

Teachers also need to understand the strategies and techniques that are required to help struggling readers when they have weaknesses in any of these areas (see Structured Literacy). There are other resources available that will help, but they are not always the resources that are found in schools.

I’m not against the love of reading, I just stopped saying that as I began to realize the very real struggle students are having and the very real problem of getting better scientifically-based research strategies in our schools that match the findings from cognitive neuroscience, educational psychology, education, and linguistics. Hopefully, when we start doing that, we will be better able to support more young readers, and they will have a better chance to enjoy reading.

Jamie

I want to make sure you know that John Guthrie doesn’t support teachers not knowing the books—nor does he recommend having kids read whatever they want from 1000 books. Just saying...

Sherri and Tammy— I’ve written such pieces a number of times in this space. How about typing Chicago Reading Framework into search function on this site. You can find out how Chicago teachers actually improved kids’ reading achievement. The key is a substantial amount of explicit teaching of key elements of literacy in ways that have made a difference in kids’s learning in the past.

Tim

Tim, I was just adding some recommended resources for teachers to your recommendations. I was not disagreeing with your comments whatsoever. Best.

I have had years of training in the Readers and Writers program. I was required to use this program even with students who had significant learning disabilities. It was frustrating at best. I would follow the method verbatim and yet the students still could not improve at an acceptable rate. The method can be aesthetically pleasing for a principle to observe because it is a system that follows the same steps with every lesson. Schools having the Teacher College Readers and Writers method “were keeping up with the Jones’” It ALWAYS bothered me that it would be unlikely that I’d be able to read every book so that I could ask appropriate questions. The students who gained the least by this format were the students with learning disabilities. I always felt that I was cheating them.

I am glad that you broke down some of the specific logical reasons as to why parts of the workshop model logically do not work. For example, being limited to few minutes to conferring with a student without LD is too short but for a student with LD, it was most definitely impossible and a waste of time with students with LD. It always frustrated me to not have read the book the student was reading. I was constantly trying to read as much as possible so that I could better guide my students.

Thank you for all you do Mr. Shanahan. What are your thoughts on the research behind reading volume? We do a mix of direct comprehension instruction and independent reading in hopes of students utilizing and practicing the skills taught on their own. My worry is that without any independent reading time, students leave each grade having read class texts only - sometimes three or four books total. I do agree fully that a workshop model alone is not enough.

I think we have to draw a distinction between upper and lower grades, as well as between beginning, struggling and proficient readers. I taught the workshop model in grade 2 very successfully because I tested each student to determine their strengths and needs. I provided instrutional time that focused on phonemeic awareness, phonics, and decoding as well as on comprehension. I taught whole group, small group and individual lessons. Students were given direct expilcit instruction, time for guided as well as independent practice and I saw the workshop as a structure that allowed students to have choice (when they had finished assigned work) to work with partners and independently and to provide me the time to work with small groups and individuals. If there is sufficient teacher guidance and support as well as student accountability this independent work time can be called a workshop or by another name but effectiveness as always depends on appropriate instruction which depends on in depth knowledge of the students.

Many colleges focus on reader's workshop with their students. We have to use the research based curriculum presented by our district. There is no choice in how you teach something. Eventhough teachers point out areas that are weak within the curriculum, the curriculum director will not let us faulter from it. I do get to choose read alouds at transitional periods. Most of my time is spent assessing students using research based material that is not developmentally appropriate for first graders. But, the district wants everyone doing the exact same thing at the exact time so they can track the data that shows this is not working. Why don't districts listen to teachers who know what works and what doesn't. I'm so sick of the term research based. My students are more than what research shows.

Hi Tim,

Can you help us one day,maybe not under this specific topic,understand why districts buy most things that are not research based.
I`d love to see it as a topic.
That`s the reality,I have become so used to it that as a teacher trainer with a study behind my work and honoring the NRP research and the NICHD fabulous study I take it as a given that that`s what will happen.Where I am able to make a difference is in Tier 2 and 3.

Parents and school boards will have to get involved for anything at all to change in the areas saturated by the workshop myth and Lucy Calkins. The upper middle class suburbs of Chicago are awash with it and I can’t think of a single town using anything else. But, I feel confident that if the general public knew we had a reading program with no actual reading material, they would see instantly how idiotic that is.

Tim, the RW you mention here is merely one layer of what happens. Reading in a complex process...so is the teaching of reading. Instead of having kids do "busy work" while the teacher is working with small groups, or doing 1:1 conferring, students are given time to read books of their choice. There is goal-setting and planning involved in their personal choice reading. Much of the heavy comprehension work is done through Interactive Read Aloud or in small group instruction (some call this guided reading). The teaching that takes place in these settings are intended to help students to extend the same thinking work in their independent books. Richard Allington has researched that too much time is spent on non-reading tasks, not on actual time with eyes on text. This method provides many scaffolds for children to read a range of books they can read successfully with instruction on texts that are just beyond what they can read on their own.

Can there not be room for independent reading as well as instructing? Enabling kids to discover that reading is an enjoyable experience, that reading stories is fun, that learning through reading is interesting, isn't wasted time.And kids will often challenge themselves to read something more difficult if it interests them. This doesn't mean teachers don't also engage with kids in classroom texts, instructing as appropriate, enabling discussions, and asking kids to write and respond.

Every reader brings their own context to a novel. They should be judged not on the ideas that result from the novel but for how well they express and defend their ideas to another person who comes from another context. To make a change in 'reading', we are going to have to shift society. It's time that we valued depth of understanding not amount of knowledge. This is about time. Allocate 30 seconds to the answer, not 10 seconds.

Michelle— the interactive read alouds May focus on listening comprehension, but those are so brief and the teacher does the reading, so I don’t think that changes things much. Calvin’s does suggest some group guided reading with the lowest readers, but makes this so conditional (she recognizes most teachers won’t be able to fit it in) that I think that too rare.

Tim

Linda — I agree with you. We should just trust people without all this requirement for data. The drug companies could do much better if they didn’t have to show that their products worked, and doctors shouldn’t be expected to treat patients more effectively thsn they feel would be appropriate, and the banks shouldn’t have to show that they haven’t swiped our money. Teachers definitely know what is best for kids and parents and the rest of us should butt out. You’re definitely onto something.

Tim

Deb—
Research has found that it is very difficult to get much of a learning effect from independent reading. Teachers providing explicit teaching has the biggest impact on learning. Encourage kids to read at home or if you’d prefer to have them just reading during the day perhaps you could accompany them home in the evening to provide teaching.

Let’s face it required free reading is not independent reading and isn’t likely to teach kids to enjoy reading—especially the lowest achieving of them.

Tim

The Units of Study are much more than what is represented here. Deep, rich discussions about reading also happen during interactive read aloud and shared reading. A conference can last longer than 1-3 minutes. The student achievement data from the Teachers College schools in New York as compared to the schools using other curricula speaks volumes. I invite anyone to look at it; it can be found on TC's website or on the NY Department of Ed. site.

Here is the link to 2018 data which is based on the state-wide test all students take at the end of the year:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PlFs2mwBJIRN-f-LR3gT11VYeTS1K09l/view?usp=sharing

Wendy— first, what you shared wouldn’t be referred to by scientists as data— they’d call it “advertising”. You’re comparing apples and oranges. Nothing was done to make these data comparable. Comparing kids on the upper level east side with high poverty kids in the Bronx and attributing the differences to Units of Study is silly.

How do teachers lead these deep book conversations without reading the books? Championing the effectiveness of ignorance in teaching is bad for kids and bad for teachers?

Tim

When we say that a teacher is using a Reading or Writing Workshop approach to instruction, we assume, perhaps, that the teacher relies only on this method for teaching literacy. We assume that the only reading done in the classroom is in the books the teacher has not read. Not necessarily true. And you assume that conferencing for one minute with each student is all the reading instruction the student receives. That may or may not be the case either. Every classroom is different. Every teacher is different. Every day might be different!

In many classrooms, teachers have a variety of kinds of reading and writing activities happening throughout the week, often simultaneously. A teacher who believes in a balanced literacy approach will ensure that the curriculum and instruction and assessment are aligned and differentiated to reflect the learning needs in that classroom.

This piece is an insult to teachers who use this method and stick with it because it works. It takes a well-documented approach that we've used for decades and discards its value simply because there is no "scientific evidence" to support it? Teachers would not continue to use it if they didn't see results. They use it because they believe it increases reading skills, stamina, motivation, engagement, and transfer of learning through reading to other content areas. They see the changes in their students' literacy skills as they meet their reading/writing goals. They know that reading for meaning is limited when we remove student choice and free and voluntary reading from the ELA curriculum. Teachers are collecting this data daily and making informed decisions about future instruction using the data.

Teaching reading comprehension doesn't have to be "either-or"; it can be "and".

Let's celebrate the diverse nature of our work and support the many different approaches that help us get our jobs done well. Please respect the challenging professional decisions teachers make each day, and be willing to learn from each other what works for everyone.

Marilyn Zecher, I believe that in your passion and enthusiasm for the comments that Dr. Shanahan shared, you may have overlooked the sarcasm intended by the teaching math comment. As for your first paragraph, I could not agree with you more. Have an awesome week!

Tim, what you’ve written is a sarcastic parody of reading workshop, as evidenced in the Moby-Dick example. Just two comments about this approach, which indeed has its origins in the important individualized reading approach developed by Jeanette Veatch in the 1950’s. First, children don’t stagnate at the level of books they happen to be currently reading. The workshop, through a lot of independent reading and other activities like guided reading, helps them move forward through increasingly difficult books. Second, the conferences are brief coaching check-ins that allow the teacher to informally monitor and respond to each student regularly during workshop time.

Sandra, I am line with you! To say there is no research behind Calkins, Fountas & Pinnell, Allington, Cunningham, Goudvis and Harvey , etc. is beyond ridiculous and misleading. Mr. Shanahan, you are rehashing, once again, the old arguments of the 'reading wars.' Are we really doomed to repeat all of this? Is Reading Workshop without challenges? No. The difficulty with creating and sustaining effective reading workshops is that teachers aren't trained adequately for the process. It takes a broad understanding of the reading process (from all theories, mind you.) Once armed with deeper knowledge and understanding, reading workshop is extremely effective in creating, improving and fostering readers. For those readers who need more structure, the informed teacher can identify and support that child using a different approach,. But since Professional Development is fly by night at best, states only require 6 credits in the teaching of reading, and teachers colleges/universities offer limited views/theories of reading, it is most efficient to promote your views. Keeping in mind, most teachers who read you were most likely still in school during the height of The Reading Wars, your views and arguments are new to them. All you're offering is the same old stuff, but on a different day.

The school I worked in was NOT in the upper East Side... To categorize TC schools as being located in the wealthy areas is very misleading.

Wendy- Bartell-- Thank you for mentioning TC' schools! Many are in impoverished areas!

At the end of At a Loss for Words: How a flawed idea is teaching millions of kids to be poor readers (https://www.apmreports.org/story/2019/08/22/whats-wrong-how-schools-teach-reading), Ken Goodman says "My science is different," and Emily Hanford remarks that "this idea that there are different kinds of evidence that lead to different conclusions about how reading works is one reason people continue to disagree about how children should be taught to read.

And therein lies the tragedy of our profession.

This reflects a narrow and limited definition of the reading workshop and doesn’t take into consideration how it should be implemented as part of a balanced literacy framework that includes interactive read aloud, shared reading, guided reading, independent reading with explicit strategy instruction, and word study. When these components are well planned and work together, the conditions of tackling complex texts with students when the teacher knows the text exists. It is also done using a differentiated approach where students are working with texts that are challenging yet still within their zone of proximal development.

Denise—what research are you talking about? You made it up.

Tim

Erik— I just finished reading three grade levels of Units of Study... I’m not the one who wrote that teachers didn’t need to know the books...or that guided reading something that you should try to work in occasionally with the lowest readers. I saw the explicit strategy instruction but the recommended teaching didn’t look much like the research based practices, and the word study is extremely limited. If that’s a bad description of Units of Study then you’re complaining to the wrong guy.

Tim

Wendy

What do you think those data show? I think you are fooling yourself... I’m willing to believe that program works, but you’ve got to show improvement when you switch to that program. That you have test scores means nothing, all public schools have test scores.

Tim

Denise
Please explain how teachers who don’t know a book lead kids to a deeper interpretation of it?

Tim

Most often criticism of Notice and Note - which requires kids to actually notice and then ponder the author's craft - is that "It's really hard to use if you haven't read the book. ". Um, yes. As always, Tim, you make such important points. We don't agree on everything, but that rub is where I always learn from you. Thanks for keeping me thinking.

DOes anyone know of a research based comprehension program? We use SPIRE for decoding and there are stories, but that is the main focus;

Thank you for the shout-out for Jeannette Veatch and the etiology of individualized instruction. The meaning of this term has been incorrectly used interchangeably with personalized learning and modified to mean whatever program publishers want it to mean.

Tim,
Is there a curriculum you recommend? I can't imagine there is a perfect curriculum, but is there more perfect one you can steer us toward? I imagine it's easy to tie one's name to a critique, but can you provide us a better alternative?
Thanks,
Mark

Thank you for highlighting the issues with Lucy Calkins' Reading Workshop.

I have been retired for 5 years from elementary teaching. Through former colleagues, I have been horrified to hear that my former district has spent a lot of money on purchasing first her Writing Workshop and now these materials ... and the misguided training that accompanies them. Distressingly, I am now learning that not only does Calkins fail to provide a structured, evidence-based phonics approach to teach beginning reading, but provides no support for effective comprehension development in third grade ... and likely beyond.

Selection of these programs shows the literacy director and team are not aware of the latest (or indeed any) cognitive-based science studies. Did they rely on publishers having done due diligence with the latest research? Teachers take direction from admin, and in turn parents depend on the district and teachers being knowledgeable about the best way to teach reading's basics of decoding and comprehension. Sadly, this does not bode well for the students, especially those who experience difficulty in learning to read.

I suggest going to Ed Reports and examining their ratings and recommendations.

Yep, Tim, I made all of this up!
https://epsy.ku.edu/sites/pre.soe.drupal.ku.edu/files/docs/research/spear/Balanced_Literacy_in_an_Urban_School_District.pdf
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Since your website won't let me put in too much info: Here's even more:
dentifying and implementing educational practices supported by rigorous
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In Reader’s Workshop, as in all instructional frameworks, there should be the flexibility to adapt to the needs of your students AND to balance direct instruction with personalized support. Too much focus on self-selected, independent-level reading does not follow the systematic, explicit teaching of skills which research has proven as necessary. Too much focus on always teaching all kids from on-level text alienates the kiddos who are grade-levels above or below in their reading ability. There has to be a balance between meeting students where they are while also pulling them along to reach where they should be.

Lucy Collins has written a thoughtful response to this attack on reading workshop and the Units of Study curriculum. It is on TC's Facebook page.
That data is the state ELA test all students take at the end of the year. TC schools consistently outperform other schools in the state, and "those schools" are not in the wealthy upper east side as you claim.

I found this article to be counter intuitive to teaching the reader as opposed to teaching reading. Workshop teaching allows for personalized learning; differentiation; and building profiles of students as readers. Conferring is a practice that allows teachers to customize feedback; set goals; model strategies; and inspire new learning. Perhaps those who have commented on this article do not know the true structure of conferring - or even the true definition of workshop teaching - as it does not only include independent practice - but also allows for responsive small group instruction.

There are other models of workshop teaching and conferring, and Lucy Calkins is not the only educator or researcher who promotes and writes about this form of teaching. Perhaps before condemning a practice, you should refer to and research all types of conferring and workshop practices. Most educators who use conferring 'well' would not start with a conversation about the book - but instead would begin by asking what the student is using as a reader - helping to build awareness and metacognition.

Dr. Shanahan,

I am a supporter of workshops and the Units of Study, but as a learner, I try to get my hands on as much new learning and information as I can. I appreciate cognitive dissonance and recognize that the places that make me uncomfortable are where I learn. I appreciate your perspective and have sought out your blog and heard you speak at conferences simply to continue to challenge myself and stay informed. However, I am always dismayed at the tone of your writing, the sarcasm, and the disrespect. If your goal is to really influence teachers to listen to you and consider your viewpoints and question their own, being condescending and disrespectful is not going to accomplish your goals. It’s actually distracting from the points about literacy instruction you are trying to make.

I’m still not quite sure either what the instruction you are recommending looks like. Seems like more time is spent bashing balanced literacy/workshop. I’m sincerely interested, but feel like I’ve never gotten a clear picture of what you think would be better, particularly how to manage, support, and motivate students with very complex text who are not reading at grade level.

Thanks for your insight. Considerate reply only, please.

It seems convenient that you presented your argument against the workshop model without acknowledging the many other components, beyond independent reading and conferencing, that do in fact provide students with ample opportunities to engage with very advanced texts. These components include read aloud, shared reading, guided reading, and strategy groups. They are all outlined in the curriculum itself.

I am a second grade teacher and I have seen the strides students can make within the workshop model. My students love reading, and, like adults, they get a large amount of choice in what they read. This prepares them to be lifelong readers. I’m not quite sure from your post what you envision as the ideal reading instruction practice, but it sounds a lot like forcing students to read things they don’t care about. Of course, students in upper grades should be exposed to a wide variety of influential texts (and they actually are in the Units of Study curriculum, through suggested mentor texts, read aloud, and shared reading). But young children who are just developing as readers should surely have the opportunity to explore and become excited about books.

If you have any innovative suggestions for how to help a class of second graders, ranging in grade level in reading from kindergarten to fourth grade, all make a year’s worth of growth or more in just one school year, please share it in a more specific, less sarcastic and negative way. Until then I will continue to use a balanced literacy approach, incorporating Units of Study as well as many other best practices.

Denise- Someone learned how to copy and paste. Did you google “research articles to support reading workshop?” Many of these articles will not support the units of study, especially the brain researched ones. I also hear a lot of people throwing around the term “researched based.” Obviously we need curriculum that is backed by research, but more people should be asking if the units of study are evidence based, especially in high poverty schools. It’s interesting to hear how many people cite how NYC schools have embraced and grown from Calkins when there were numerous articles written by nyc teachers stating that the units of study were detrimental to their students and were producing kids who could not produce sentences.

I believe you have a profound misunderstanding of reading workshop, and furthermore, as a teacher at a TC Project school in the south Bronx, I find your assumption that TCRWP only works with affluent and mostly white schools offensive. 1 in 4 of my students live in temporary housing and nearly 30% have a learning disability. TCRWP pilots Units of Study in our school. Since starting with the Units of Study six years ago, ELA proficiency levels in my school have quadrupled. I find workshop to be especially helpful in working with IEP students-- the consistent teaching structures and gradual release provide consistent support, while small group work can be highly differentiated. Also, most of the reading Units are book club units--I hardly have 30 students reading 30 different books as you suggest. For example, instead of teaching "The Giver," I teach into the literary tradition of dystopian literature. We read several short stories as a whole class (The Lottery, Harrison Bergeron, Ponies) and then the students read several (2-3) dystopian novels in clubs. "The Giver" might be one of these books, but I can also incorporate more contemporary YA literature like "The Hunger Games" trilogy. It's pretty easy for a teacher to read six YA books and coach in with a couple clubs a day. The shared texts provide access to grade level text—and with such a highly differentiated class, this model allows me to support my below benchmark readers and provide enrichment for my above benchmark readers. Also, even if I haven’t read a book, the bands of text complexity allow me to provide students with some predictable “look fors” in their text. The Moby Dick conference you offer in your post demonstrates that you have zero understanding of how reading conferences go or how the bands of text complexity can inform a teacher—have you ever even visited a school that uses the Units? Or observed a teacher conduct a reading conference?

Finally, I believe in choice. The few times in my life reading was ruined for me was when someone forced me to read a book and/or made me dissect it for two months. You seem to believe reading is best taught through a teacher centered approach, in which the teacher slowly and painfully guides an entire class through a novel. I believe this simply promotes fake reading--what Beers and Probst call, “aliteracy.” Kids who are able to read, but uninterested in doing so. As such, I prioritize helping kids become avid, thoughtful, lifelong readers. The Units of Study and TCRWP are assisting me in that powerful work. I hope you will consider visiting some Project schools so you can actually know what you are talking about—no curriculum is perfect, but your dismissive attitude while clearly being so ill-informed is very disappointing, especially considering the breadth of your audience.

Some history from Natalie Wexler's The Knowledge Gap, page 96:

"The pilot (of the Core Knowledge Language Arts) lasted three years, folowing a thousand students from kindergarten through second grade. In 2008, the same year the pilot began, Klein rescinded his mandate that all schools use Calkins's curriculum. When the results were released in 2012, they showed that students in the Core Knowledge schools scored significantly higher on reading comprehension tests than those in the comparison schools. They also came out ahead on tests of social studies and science knowledge. Calkins objected that she hadn't personally worked with the comparison schools, and there was no way of knowing how faithfully any of them adhered to her model. Nevertheless, after the results of the study came out, the city's Department of Education omitted her program from its list of recommended curricula."

Please compare your Moby Dick reader’s “conference” to this one, approximating what I heard in classroom this week:

Teacher: What can you tell me about your main character?

Student: Katniss is about to leave home, where she lives with her mom and her sister. She’s just volunteered to take her little sister’s place in the Hunger Games, which she might not survive. I think she’s really brave.

Teacher: Can you turn to the moment in the text you discovered she was brave? Read me this part?

Student reads a page or so aloud-

Teacher: Nicely done. Last time we conferenced we set a goal for you, remember? You jotted it here. We worked on attending to end punctuation, letting it affect the reader’s voice you hear in your head. I heard you do that here...and here...you have been attending to that goal, keep that up. Now, can you tell me about about how the author showed “brave” on this page?

*brief discussion of textual evidence*

Teacher: I notice that here, in these few lines, Katniss doesn’t exactly seem brave...what do you think I noticed?

Student: Well, she’s thinking about the doubts she has, she’s thinking about being afraid, and even imagines running away. That doesn’t sound brave.

Teacher: But you still think the author wants you understand she’s brave?

Student: Yes, because even though she’s not feeling brave in the inside, she overcomes that feeling and does the brave thing.

Teacher: Whoa, that’s important thinking. Maybe we should work on setting a new goal. As you read on, keep a critical eye out to notice the moments characters are conflicted, more complex than a single simple trait can describe, ok? Maybe a character will behave in a way that’s surprising, because it’s out of character. Jot that goal down, and if you notice that, will you write about it, and flag it in your text, so in our next conference, we can discuss it?

I have seen workshop not work, I’ve heard conferences like your Moby Dick exemplar. Regarding TCRWP curriculum, I’ve seen that not work mostly when teachers were ill-prepared to teach it, due to lack of training, or because they couldn’t handle the rigor themselves, because they were neither readers nor writers. Happily, I also hear targeted, goal-centered, teaching conferences. It seems like any framework for teaching workshop can be done well, or poorly. My own GT eighth grader was in a non-workshop room last year. Classics, tough text, whole class novels. You know how many books he read willingly? None. He hated Fahrenheit 451, and the class spent a month on it. Many of the students in my best workshop rooms read upwards of thirty novels. Engaged, moving straight up levels of complexity, while receiving whole group instruction and experiencing discussion of appropriately challenging shared mentor texts.

Possibly dismissing the whole workshop framework, every classroom and every component, as equally ineffective is not fair? Research aside, have you visited many workshop classrooms, heard many conferences, listened to mini lessons?

I’m curious about your thoughts on teachers that do both small group guided reading that is highly focused on deep comprehension AND conferencing with students on self selected reading or skill based instruction.

Any feedback on American Reading Company?? This sounds similar and my school wants to adopt it. I haven’t been able to find any real information.

From Ed Reports https://www.edreports.org/compare/results/ela-38
ARC (American Reading Company) Core (2017)
Published By: American Reading Company | Date Published: 9/17/2018 | View These Reports
GRADE
LEVEL
TEXT QUALITY
BUILDING KNOWLEDGE
ALIGNMENT RATING
USABILITY RATING
Third Grade
37/42
32/32
Meets Expectations
30/34
Fourth Grade
37/42
32/32
Meets Expectations
30/34
Fifth Grade
38/42
32/32
Meets Expectations
30/34
Sixth Grade
35/36
32/32
Meets Expectations
30/34
Seventh Grade
35/36
32/32
Meets Expectations
30/34
Eighth Grade
35/36
32/32
Meets Expectations
30/34

Myth 1: Teachers think Lucy Calkin's Workshop works and that's why they use it.

Teachers who like it are the ones most willing to speak publicly and the rest don't want to have a big red bullseye painted on their chest for speaking out. I think the majority of teachers of elementary students who are currently using the Units of Study in Reading would trade it in for a program that had some high quality texts that were worth reading and made it easier to move students to higher levels of comprehension. Almost every lesson Lucy has would be better if there was something students could read where that particular aspect of reading is evident. Learning is easier when responsibility is gradually released as in, "I do. We do. You do." Lucy is "I do. You do." Lucy spends thousands of words telling you what to think and feel and how to emote. She should have spent that time writing a few stories instead because she's certainly never at a loss for words. Maybe someone should offer teachers some alternatives and see what they would actually choose.

Myth 2: The workshop approach is so powerful because it capitalizes on the power of choice. Students are more invested because they choose their texts.

First, this exaggerates the impact that choice can have. Choice has an impact but nothing like the impact of someone teaching you something. I’m pretty sure that’s been explained by John Hattie and probably others. Second, I question how much choice exists in the workshop. There are always constraints put on kids. Students are often counseled away from material deemed too hard or material deemed too easy. They need to be reading something from the genre the class is currently working on and/or something from a new genre because they should be stretching themselves. I would argue that many kids would prefer just to read something in class that the teacher has chosen and then be given the liberty to read whatever they want when they’ve finished their work or when they’re at home. When you are a workshop teacher, you become the reading police. It might be worth asking kids which scenario they would prefer because right now kids are being robbed of instruction so they can have this gift of choice and they may not think it’s much of a gift.

Myth 3: You can do everything within the workshop approach. Guided reading, close reading, partner reading, independent reading, book clubs.

Well, maybe myth is the wrong word. You can do all of that but since you have to invent all of it on your own, you’ll work 14 hours days and quickly burn out. There are schools that do what Laura described and have specific texts and in some cases a system of teaching the Units of Study that is so altered it only has a passing resemblance to what actually came in the box. In some cases, this is because Teachers College has done a bunch of extra work in creating all these new accompanying documents and even sends people to work in certain schools to make all of that magic happen. Of course this costs additional money which makes it a great business model. Create something that can’t be successful without your paid help. It still surprises me that this flies. Nobody would put up with this in any other area of their lives. In addition, once all of this adding on is done, is it still the workshop described in the Units of Study or is it just its own curriculum that allows for some amount of self-selected reading that the most struggling readers rarely get to because they are in need of the teaching that the teacher is doing.

For some reason, “workshop” has become the “fresh air and sunshine” of education. It’s as if there’s something about it that is so magically wholesome and full of vitamins that only people who hate children would deprive them of it. I know I am not alone when I say that if I’d realized that education was so steeped in “feel facts,” I might have chosen a different career. Tim, you calling a spade a spade and shutting down the “feel facts” is one of the few things that gets me through that frustration.

KB- SO much of that research supports the theories behind Reading Workshop. Are you a teacher or emergent and/or beginning readers? Or perhaps higher level readers? Intermediate grade levels? Middle school?

I am a parent of a first grader who is attending a public school in Houston that is using the Lucy Calkins program. She attended a Reggio Emilia philosophy play based kindergarten where reading was not taught. My daughter is expected to draw pictures in class and write stories about them. I'm wondering if this is appropriate for her ability when she doesn't know how to read yet. She is crying a lot and dreads going to school. Does anyone have any suggestions?

I suggest starting with the thorough research by Gay Ivey and Peter Johnston. They provide a quantitative analysis of scores on achievement tests; and the dozens of rich quotes from authentic conversations about books between and among students and teachers will sound far different from the Moby Dick scenario presented in this post.
Ivey, G., & Johnston, P.H. (2013). Engagement with Young Adult literature: Outcomes and Processes. Reading Research Quarterly, 48(3), 355-375.
Ivey, G. (2014). The social side of engaged reading for young adolescents. The Reading Teacher, 68(3), 165-171.
Ivey, G., & Johnston, P. (2018). Engaging disturbing books. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 62(2), 143-150.

I doubt that we could engage is a discussion given the unexamined assumptions present it your condemnation of Readers' Workshop ... What you have described as Readers' Workshop caused me to wonder if we had the same understanding of it. I am concerned about appeals to research related to literacy because the "research," as you seem to use it, is the end all or final word. The rebuttal by Lucy Calkins evidenced a depth and specificity missing in your blog posting. My hope is that your future work will reveal that you've "done your homework."

Tim - I appreciate Jeni's comment on tone. My school uses TC Units in reading as well, and as a reading interventionist, I do have reservations about the lack of direct instruction and support my students are making.

I *AM* really interested in what you recommend - either specific curriculums or methods of teaching - as an alternative to the workshop model. I think this would really help the skeptics to know what the alternative is.

Thank you!

I use the workshop model for teaching reading (grade one) and find this structure is excellent. A short mini lesson and then students are off practicing the strategies taught. Individual conferences are used for differentiation. Yes, students choose some of their books and teachers choose other books. In a true workshop model, other very important lessons, especially on comprehension, are done during read-alouds as well. Interactive read alouds are also used for instruction. There is no one model that reaches everyone, everyday, but add in guided reading and skills groups and this method is jammed packed with reading instruction. I'm really unclear as to why some folks are against it but my guess would be that some teachers are not using all the components or the observers do not either understand what they are seeing or do not see all the componets. When I look at the researched used in the Units of Study by TCRWP, I see a significant amout of research from experts in the field of reading.

Interesting food for thought and reflection. If independent reading and conferring were all that was happening in literacy instruction, I might agree. However, with balanced literacy, there is also guided reading, shared reading, read alouds, interactive reading (and the writing instructional models paired with those). All those are also important opportunities for richer deeper discussions with teacher and peers and where expert teachers are also teaching whole group, small groups, and individuals for deeper comprehension and the integration of literacy processing skills and strategic activities. Just like I would not give my children only a honey lemon cough drop for strep throat, I would not give them only independent reading and conferring. However, I would give them that honey lemon cough drop along with rest, plenty of liquids, antibiotics, chicken soup, and read them a good book. Independent reading and conferring provide important teaching and learning opportunities but are not the only models for instruction.

Thank you for writing this article. I currently work in a TC school and find the program and PD somewhat “cult like”. I am not surprised by the angry supporters of this program. It seems that anyone who speaks out against Lucy Caulkins is immediately criticized so they learn to be quiet. Teachers in my district have been publicly criticized and generally condescended to by TC trainers. I find it interesting since the majority of these PD leaders have had very limited classroom experience. I have been teaching for 20 years and enjoy learning new approaches. But TCRWP has been offensive to veteran teachers. Whatever good they can offer has been overshadowed by insulting and aggressive PD.

I agree with what you’ve written regarding the value or lack thereof for using reading conferences to teach reading skills. There are indeed plenty of other structures for doing that. My “yeah but” here is that for many teachers, such conferences provide windows into students’ likes, dislikes, reader identities, and affective dimensions of readers’ literacy development. Reading conferences can be a really valuable time and space for learning those things.

Tim - I agree with Jeni and Kerry's comments: what guidance have you provided for reading comprehension? I just read your November 12, 2007, post "The Chicago Reading Framework." In conclusion, you say that teachers "know what to do." On the contrary, I think teachers are looking for guidance on how to best teach reading comprehension, especially given the Reading-Wars debate that goes on and on, and the documented lack of teacher education on how to best teach reading. What specifically do you suggest as an alternative to Reading Workshop? What have you contributed to teachers' toolbox?

It seems like the definition of Reading Workshop in the article is narrow and leaves no room for teachers taking small groups of readers and guiding them through challenging text they could not manage on their own. In our district, our Readers Workshop includes this component. Each group of students works at least twice a week in a small reading group. Some of the independent activities, such as writing a reading response, are spun off the small group lessons. There is rigor and differentiation. There is also choice (for some, the choice is guided to a degree), which lends itself to engagement. I wish there was mention of the fact that a workshop model is flexible, allows for differentiation, and doesn't prohibit the teacher from imposing some assignments. It is preferable to teachers who put all students in one book, regardless of reading level, and teach using "packets". It can also be used for some, but not all days of the reading block, leaving room for longer strategy lessons (such as QAR or the Comprehension Toolkit) to be integrated.

I would argue that what is being described in this article is very inaccurate picture of a workshop model. Conferences should be designed to inform instruction. Allowing children choice makes a huge difference in many students’ willingness to engage in a book. The ability to pick up a book that’s “just right” is a skill that should be taught. Students who have been shoved into a “color” or “level” do not have a clue how to choose books that are right for them. It is the teacher’s job to guide students in the right direction and encourage books that are accessible, engaging, and challenge the reader/student. Exposure to literature is important; something else that should be done by the teacher. Read aloud, group novels, lit circles, explicitly taught skills reinforced through whole class novels are all part of it. My students not only receive choice, but are exposed to quality literature. Everyone always throws the baby out with the bath water. Giving my students time to read choice books in class and discuss them with their peers has been a complete game changer in my classroom instruction. I have observed growth in my students reading levels and higher level thinking skills that I have never seen in my over 20 years as a teacher. And yes, the teachers need to know their library and shouldn’t conference with a student about a book they haven’t read. Doing so is about the stupidest thing I have ever heard. I have made a point to read through my personal classroom library to help inform my instruction and guide my students in the right direction. All this being said, I have never taught Lucy caulkins and I teach upper elementary. Sound reading instruction is balanced. The only way students become better readers is by reading. I suffer from dyslexia and have had students who have as well. Struggling readers can find books that they love too. They just need help and support. I try to help my students find a love for books and reading. Just because a child struggles doesn’t mean they can’t love to read- they simply have to find the right teacher and or book to start them on this path. I am an example of that.

I've never used the reading workshop method, but it seems very similar in the surface to "extensive reading" which is popular in the language-learning community and well supported by research. What is the major difference in your opinion that makes reading workshop less effective than ER?

Timothy,

Bravo! You hit the workshop / nail on the proverbial conferencing / head. I've been in the reading trenches for over 30 years and I had all of these concerns and more the first time I was forced to implement the Caulkins method. I applaud all educators that seek to further the discussion and understanding of literacy. However, it behoves us as educators to thoughtfully choose and implement sound practices that we can explain to our families and colleagues, defend when needed, tweak, revise and discard as we grow, and continuously refine to strengthen our craft, and ideally gather to grow capable young readers.

Literacy education is both an art and a science and though I fully respect the need for standardization of practices. Tho we know that time, experience, and research consistently show that knowledgable teachers with a broad understanding of literacy, implementing a range of researched based best practices, with passion and care for literacy, and a genuine concern and understanding of their students, will grow competent and engaged readers, writers, and thinkers.

I've longed said that there is no possible way that teachers can understand, challenge, and guide students through text that they themselves are unfamiliar with. Say this out loud in a Caulkins training and you'll be banished to the woodshed. Caulkins neither welcomes robust discussion nor does she, or her proponents, realize that need for respectful critique.

As a writer and story teller I have additional concerns regarding her writing curriculum. It forces teachers to both view and teach writing in a method that allows students to flounder in an instructional model that is all too confining and often ineffective. It is definitely a topic for another blog post that I hope and trust you will pursue. Thank you for your thoughtful, respectful, and courageous work in challenging the status quo.

We don't want to be wrong any longer than we need to be and we don't want to be led those that believe that they can do no wrong. I look forward to more of your posts, they are needed now more than ever. Please continue your work and share your voice. In a word it is refreshing!

There are so many resources out there that use a readers workshop approach and it is very appealing for busy teachers who need to find a work-life balance. Many teachers use these resources because everything is included, very little prep is required, and you can meet with individuals and small groups in the classroom. Where are the resources that don't use this approach, but are still prepped for you? Also what is the difference between 'Readers Workshop' and 'Shared Reading'?

Stacey--

In reading workshop, students read independently and meet with a teacher one-on-one occasionally and for brief periods to discuss what they have been reading. In shared reading, the teacher (or other person) reads a text to students.

thanks.

tim

Like any teacher who has worked with every level reader, I find myself seeing good in every system of reading and writing I have been engaged in. Sadly, the critics of each of these approaches were also making valid points, it must be acknowledged. No one approach matches every student. As a parent, I observed the precisely wrong approach presented with my children as well and had some interesting conversations at school. Recently I taught three sections of Reading and the same of Writing using Lucy Calkins materialS for a semester while a colleague dealt with extended health issues with her child. I learned so much. With 33 children in a group, it was impossible to be effective. Those groups had many problems that could not be addressed in my limited time, both educational and behavioral. One child didn’t yet speak, another was planning how to attack his family before his suicide, another had been ripped away from the grandmother who raised him by his father who finally got out of jail, so nothing about academics had value. There were others. Individual discussion to set the individual goal and monitor that the child had worked on it with deep comprehension? Please. Lucy’s wordy scripts made prepping time even more inadequate. None of the sections handled the materials the same way, every day, every section was feeling like never ending failure. So I picked three items that I insisted I put more time to and dropped Lucy’s chatter, while still using her buzz words and basic structures, just allotted differently and with more relevant example texts. I was shocked when the papers I found barely acceptable impressed their teacher as being well done. The following year, the teacher caught me in the hallway. Of the 15 fifth grade classrooms in the district, only the three “we” taught improved significantly on our state tests. Tests were taken the first week she was back. Given a reasonable class size and some freedom to not adhere to the precise workshop set up, I could see value in the Lucy Calkin’s approach. But experience and informed resource people are really necessary. The person training teachers for this had never taught with it, her advice was well meant, sincere and useless. She’d been flown to work with trainers at the source but it was still just theory to her and her job was to be the cheerleader, which she did well. It angered most teachers but no one was listened to.

Hey Tim,

Two quick notes, having only read the first intro, so far. One, the re-issue date has 2019, but I’m pretty sure you mean 2022. Might matter in 2025 when you repost again! Second, are there no new studies since 2019 that provide any new evidence, one way or another. Seems like there’s been a certain amount of debate since then, but nobody has seen fit to study it in that time, or had a study in the works in 2019 that has since been published? If not, might that be relevant for your readers to know, also?

Thank you for posting this again at the start of 2022! Let’s also keep in mind the issue of equity and access to high-quality instruction for all students. A culturally responsive approach to reading instruction should communicate and hold all students to the same high expectations and provide instruction so all students can access the same skills and grade-level content. When teachers limit students to texts that are “at their level” rather than teaching them how to read challenging, complex text, they deny many students with racially, culturally, or linguistically diverse backgrounds the opportunity to develop higher-order, critical thinking skills. As Zaretta Hammond points out in her book “Culturally Responsive Teaching and the Brain: Promoting Authentic Engagement and Rigor Among Culturally and Linguistically Divers Students” (2014), when teachers do not have high expectations for students, they become dependent learners who rely on teachers to guide them through complex tasks.

Wow, with all due respect, so much to disagree with here, Tim. Let’s begin with there being “no research to support” providing calibrated feedback to readers. The reading conference is highly researched-based, as John Hattie and others have shared multiple benefits to learners who receive feedback in the act of doing something. The reading conference is designed to balance instructional feedback with compliments/affirmation, thereby moving readers forward while simultaneously nurturing a reader’s reading identity. Also, this post seems to denigrate the value of practice. Perhaps Dr. Shanahan doesn’t believe reading is a skill by which we can improve through independent practice? That isn’t clear here. But it is clear that Brian Cambourne and others have correctly pointed out that we get better at what we actually do- which, as a professional musician, I can attest to personally. Let’s move on: Another point made in this post seems to be that kids should only be reading books that teachers “know.” Otherwise, goodness knows what the kids might be “understanding” or not, right? They might even grow some of their own original interpretations!? I would respectfully assert that if kids are only reading books familiar to the teachers, they aren’t reading enough. And the point that teachers need to make sure kids are understanding what they “should” is problematic in that it privileges teacher-sponsored interpretations over student-generated thinking. And what of this notion that there’s no way a teacher can tell if a student is or isn’t employing a reading skill if you “don’t know the book?” Again, I would respectfully assert that relying on such tools as our knowledge of the features of text complexity, story structure, genre, etc. allows us to meaningfully provide feedback and guidance to readers. I’ll end with two last thoughts here: (1) Personally, I find it offensive to pull out a decontextualized quote from someone like Dr. Lucy Calkins and use it to undergird such a problematic post. My humble suggestion would be to contact her to gain a broader understanding of the power of the reading conferences. (2) As Kelly Gallagher points out, when book selection is completely controlled by teachers, we run the very real risk of killing reading for kids. Choice is a huge factor when it comes to engagement. But maybe engagement doesn’t matter?
Thank you for bringing to light this conversation. I find many of your posts helpful— just not this one.

I was happy to read this blog post - thank you for posting it again! I have worked on a relationship with a curriculum director in a district in the region of Ohio that I serve. She and several of her teachers attended summer workshops at Teachers College in NY for conferences with Lucy Calkins. They were using the Units of Study with fidelity. And they loved it. And they looked at their data....they added a specific phonics curriculum and it yielded some improvement, but not enough. They added some specific phonemic awareness instruction AND that group of leaders went through an in-depth OG program and began to use that to work with their most struggling readers. They also changed the "script" for their guided reading time to harmonize with their phonics instruction. Their data is improving and they learned so much through the OG program that they're now engaging in LETRS training for all their K-2 staff and their 3rd and 4th grade ELA teachers. And I'm helping them plan to change curricula in the next year. She listened to me for 2 years in meetings share about the science of reading instruction, but didn't change until she and her colleagues understood how much more their children needed. They cared more about students than their own opinions! I totally enjoy working with this district and they're happy to share their journey with others.

I’ve been an educator for more than 25 years now and I can’t tell you how many times my thinking has been vindicated by your blog. Reader’s Workshop, Writer’s Workshop, Guided Reading etc.. have the been drive of several schools I have taught at . I’ve always questioned the approach and have been made to feel less than adequate when I questioned the typical procedures of these programs. Thanks for all the research you do to make sure education has the real facts about literacy!

Lanny--

You couldn't be more wrong about these points. First, conferences do NOT provide feedback WHILE students are engaged in reading. They come after (which is very different than what they were talking about in the studies that you refer to). Also, the feedback from conferencing is often meaningless since the teacher who doesn't know the book has no idea if the student did it well or not. Second, I didn't say that kids's reading should be limited to what their teachers have read. I said the opposite. The books that kids are being taught from should be read by the teachers. Imagine trying to coach someone to play the violin better when you can neither see what they're doing or hear the result (you'll only find out later that the player thought he was doing pretty well). Good luck to that. Third, nothing unfair at all about taking an accurate quote from somebody's "for sale" materials. If it makes you feel any better, I have observed in classrooms that Lucy Calkins has invited me to visit and I have discussed various instructional matters with she and her team (I assure you my characterization of this aspect of her program is quite accurate). Fourth, I think you misunderstand the research on the benefits of practice. Typically, a teacher or coach through some kind of guidance or instruction would make sure the student was doing properly whatever was to be practiced. That is hard to accomplish in an environment in which kids are given little direct instructional guidance. Music teachers will tell you that having a student practice something incorrectly does little to improve student skills. One key thing to remember: research on reading shows that kids working with a teacher learn 4-8 times as much as they do reading on their own. You seem to believe that working with text structure or other features of text will allow you to guide kids' reading appropriately -- even if you don't know the structure of the text you are guiding and can't be sure whether the students recognized it or not. Ignorance is a weak platform from which to teach.

tim

There is a compromise here. I’m a Sr High Resource Teacher and the Gr 9 English teacher has an extensive classroom library of books she lets her students choose from when she teaches her Dystopian Genre (not her classics - that is prescribed by her). She has read every book in that library - so she has the knowledge - but she allows choice. If a student has interest in a novel above reading level, she allows them to read the audio book as they are likely receiving daily structured reading instruction from me - so she allows them to have this choice. However, if after a couple of weeks they want to switch books, she allows it. By the end, everyone is usually reading an accessible text. There really are some students whose comprehension of story is quite high and need far more challenge than their actual fluency allows and those exceptions have audio copies - she weighs out what she is assessing against the task - is it a reasonable adaption. Can she assess decoding comprehension in another way and another time- absolutely - she is assessing their ability to dig deeper into a story and discuss. She knows the books and they are all engaging in deeper comprehension and they have all had choice. (If they want to read a book outside her library, she does a quick read for appropriateness - approves it and downloads a kindle copy to read on the weekend. If it’s awesome, she orders 4 and they are added to her library for next year).

So if you don’t like reading workshop, what DO you like?

Stephanie--
I like teaching. I like demonstrating to kids how to do something and then guiding them to do it and to do it better. I like deep conversations with a group about what a text means and how the author has accomplished his/her affects -- with kids thinking hard about those things and gaining from the interchange with the other kids (and from what, I the teacher might be able to add). I like seeing kids puzzle over vocabulary (getting at both the meaning and the sense of the word), and learning how to break a complicated sentence down so that it makes sense, or linking the references across a text to gain its meaning, or asking questions that get kids to think about aspects of the text that they'd speed past without noticing if they were left to their own devices. In other words, I think teaching needs to get kids further than they could do on their own.
tim

it pains me when I read how you simplify the workshop model to only instruction in a conference. I taught 1st grade for 16 years and readers and writers workshop were times of direct instruction along with practice of skills and strategies by the students. I was also trained in Marie Clay's work and incorporated that into my teaching. I had many students gain significant amounts of growth and they loved writing.

Thank you so much for this blog. A few years ago, teachers at my school came back from a conference super excited about Units of Study and how it fit into Readers Workshop. As a Literacy Coach in a Title One school, I'm always happy when teachers are thinking about how to teach reading. I am NOT a fan of Readers Workshop. As an Early Childhood Educator for the first part of my career and a Reading Interventionist for the middle part, I know that struggling readers need instruction and was concerned about the amount of "free choice time" that seemed to be replacing direct instruction. We purchased a Units of Study kit and I looked at it. My conclusion, it would be great for 3rd - 5th grade GT, or those students who already know how to read and write proficiently, but I would not support its use in PreK-2nd or for 3-5 grade struggling readers. I go back to a saying a music instructor drilled into his students, "Practice makes permanent, not perfect." If students are not proficient, and if they are making mistakes and do not know how to resolve those mistakes, they are practicing it wrong. I recall a 2nd grader who came to us from another school and every time she say the word "my" she said "the". By this point that incorrect response was so habituated that it was nearly impossible to correct.
My Opinion:
*I do not have an issue with students choosing books to read on their own.
*I do object to limiting student choice to only books that are "easy" as determined by some arbitrary test.
*I do object to students spending large amounts of time reading in lieu of instruction.
*A mini-lesson may be great for clearing up a confusion or reviewing a previously taught concept, but it is highly unlikely
that most struggling readers will find a mini-lesson helpful or that teaching a new concept can be covered in 3-7 minutes
with good understanding.
*In order to facilitate "close reading" and work on comprehension, you need repeated reading, guidance, and solid
questioning from a teacher who actually knows what the book says.

Interestingly, we piloted a 2nd grade class using Units of Study and a 4th grade class using Scholastics Independent Reading program. Neither produced results that even came close to the results we had in classes with direct instruction based on student need. In addition, both teachers had concerns about what they weren't able to do or cover based on the amount of time students spent working independently. We recently adopted a structured language approach, unfortunately right as COVID came to town. However, last year was the first group of 3rd graders who had some of this instruction in 1st and 2nd grades, though the years were cut short due to COVID. We had hoped to gain 10 percentage points on our state reading assessment. They didn't make 10 percent, they made 20 percentage point gains. When I pulled data for the students who had been with us in 1st and 2nd, almost 90% were meeting or exceeding grade level expectations.

Here's an idea! Let's teach kids what they need to know, support them through instruction and responsive teaching, and use data to drive our instruction with research and evidence based practices. I'm really not sure why this seems to be a radical idea!!

First of all, I want to mention that I find it honorable to let the discourse stand in the discussion, rather than deleting posts that don’t fit the narrative of your initial post. So, no echo chamber here but much reverberation. I’ve been in education for 25ish years, having taught Kindergarten through University, monolingual and bilingual education. I’ve read the entire thread so far, and as an instructional coach, I think about teachers at all levels all trying to do right by their students, and I find myself feeling really badly for educators.

In many responses, even your own, I can hear the frustration. Many of our colleagues here write from a position of real lived experiences, either of success or failure (and probably a lot of both on the journey). Our educators experiencing repeated success with students are probably feeling very confirmed or conflicted depending on the comments and/or references to “reading experts”. Those experiencing repeated failure or stagnated progress with their students, I presume, are desperate to do the right thing and are probably feeling confused, frustrated and angry at the lack of consensus or clarity of the experts in education.

This thread, being a small representation of the larger ongoing debate outside, makes me think about the exodus of teachers from the profession and how this post-pandemic traumatized, anxiety-filled group of students will be relying on this system to help them recover. I see a lot of similarities between the science of covid and public health response debate and the science of reading and child literacy health response debate. Many voices here and outside of here think they have the correct interpretation of the research and professional publications. When it devolves into sesquipedalian versions of, “I’m right and you’re wrong,” or “my background sources are valid and yours are not,” and yes, when infused with condescension and sarcasm or just statements of belief and opinion, it just becomes a dumpster fire that discourages or drives teachers away from the profession.

I thank you for sharing your thoughts and expertise and for leaving the debate unedited and open, and now re-opened.

"A mini-lesson may be great for clearing up a confusion or reviewing a previously taught concept, but it is highly unlikely
that most struggling readers will find a mini-lesson helpful or that teaching a new concept can be covered in 3-7 minutes
with good understanding."

I totally agree with Kimberly! Even with the time-frame often suggested to me--6 to 12 minutes--the mini-lesson is problematic, and I have participated in many PD sessions where I've made the case for the maxi-lesson. Along with 3-cueing, the mini-lesson is one of the most counterproductive instructional practices inflicted upon teachers.

I agree with you, Tim. Reader's Workshop/ "Balance Literacy" are shams. Fancy titles we give for incomplete approaches to teaching literacy. I am no longer a classroom teacher. I am a Special Education Reading Specialist. I see small groups for reading intervention, and give in class inclusion support. I see teachers way too often blowing through their most important literacy lessons to hurry into Guided Reading groups. Read alouds and classroom discussions too often get the short end of the stick. My biggest issue in the world of teaching literacy is that there is no complete approach to teaching it. Even when we talk about 'The Science of Reading' interpreting that, and how it carries over into classroom instruction is a bit of a mystery. We need an approach that is not as complicated, makes sense, and lends time to all the crucial components of good literacy instruction. My last year in the classroom I started dividing my 2 hour literacy block into two parts. The first was devoted to word study, and reading fluency. The 2nd was devoted to comprehension/ vocabulary/ responding to text. I felt that was the best use of my time. I have refused to do "guided reading," which has gotten me in trouble with certain school districts, because I think it's not challenging enough for students. It makes literacy teaching/ learning a chore, and I despise leveled reading.

Hi Tim,
This blast from the past was most appreciated! I often learn as much from the comments as I do from the actual article as so many learned folks join in the conversation. As I was reading through the comments, I noticed one that stood out from 'a concerned teacher'. I have pasted the comment below and was wondering what you thought about this. The way reading workshop is described here seems to be offering much more than conferencing and importantly does include small group work with hard texts. Is this a fantasy or something achievable with a readers workshop?

I think if a reading workshop has
1 whole class focus
2 time for independent reading (where picking a best fit book OR book provided where needed because that child needs something picked for them - there are tasks to do during this time)
3. A guided lesson of some kind happens (such as reciprocal reading, fluency based, phonics based or guided reading or other explicit teaching with a small group or 1:1 - dependent on needs of that group)
4. A short chat 5mins - 7 mins about children’s goals when reading - or conference.
^^^then I’m not sure what you’d think wouldn’t work about that. Explicit teaching. Time to consolidate skills. Reading time, books with challenge for guided or explicit teaching, whole focus that links to reading skills is exactly what should be taught. Not sure what you’re advocating for in a classroom in that case.

Mat--
This is a common experience. You criticize a widely adopted practice (paying close attention to the written descriptions and prescriptions that exist) and teachers respond that you don't understand the practice -- that isn't really what they are doing. Some of this can be real (for example, Units of Study does have some very brief mini-lessons and in the latest edition (unlike in the previous 17 years of its life) it now includes, for older kids, some group work (and they'll even sell you some brief phonics lessons that they assumed teachers were always teaching as part of Readers Workshop). Criticism has the power to get people to change practice -- and it is best to allow them to save face when they are scrambling to make those changes.

tim

I am so grateful for your insight on this important topic. I am a reading specialist and a mother to a 3rd grader slogging through the horrible Readers Workshop “stop and jot” exercises each evening. The reason this comprehension method “works” is because I read my child’s book baggie books myself after she goes to bed and create a complete analysis with notes. The morning and for the rest of the week, I engage my child in deep discussions as she reads the book herself. I tell her about the features of the narrative, why a particular element should get the readers attention. I teach the book instead of letting her flap around in the breeze.

Thank you for this post and for your blog in general. I am learning so much by reading it. I am a mom of three elementary students who go to a school that uses the Units of Study Readers and Writers Workshop. I have been very frustrated with much of it since my oldest two entered kindergarten. I specifically recall trying to do assigned comprehension activities that clearly did not fit with my children’s selected texts during remote learning. It was hard for even my husband and me to generate decent responses.

With all of the recent coverage, our school district is now talking about their elementary ELA curriculum with parents a little bit. I have been trying to learn as much as I can so that I am able to contribute in a meaningful way. I was wondering what you think about the study Lucy Calkins cited in her recent EducationWeek article “Lucy Calkins Revisits and Revises Her Reading Curriculum” from November 9, 2022. (https://www.air.org/sites/default/files/Teachers-College-Reading-and-Writing-Project-Jan-2021.pdf) It does not seem to be published in any peer-reviewed journal. She states that it shows that schools that adopted the Units of Study curriculum outperformed schools that did not adopt the curriculum in statistically significant ways.

Cathryn--

That study is what I think of as an advertising study. It would not be able to pass peer review. The study doesn't show that kids who are taught to read with Units of Study do better than other kids, but that schools and districts that purchase it, tend to be higher achieving. It is akin to finding that more rich people drive Maserati's and concluding that if you want to get rich, you should buy a Maserati.

In fact, many well-heeled school districts serve wealthier families, and those kids often enter school at higher levels of achievement than average (money does confer its educational advantages). Often such schools do not want to use a typical program because those are aimed at average kids and their average kids are, well, above average. Units of Study might make sense for some of those kids, since they are reading above average it might be okay to not offer more teaching, but just to get them reading more on their own (the central feature of the program). Of course, any kids with disabilities or who happen to come from a low income home despite being in such a district, might not do particularly well -- but the district would still have high achievement.

tim

It is certainly a long shot that you will even see this, but what are your thoughts on American Reading Company?

Jennifer --

I usually don't make comments about companies or programs. That is both because I work on programs with various companies and I have friends and colleagues at various companies. That presents conflicts of interest that should render my opinions useless to you.
Sorry.

tim

I think everyone should listen to the podcast "Sold a Story". The reporter discusses the problems of reading instruction far more articulately than I and she discusses Lucy Calkins's writing program as well.

Gosh! I never used my teacher's credential (went into another field entirely) but have conveyed my love of reading (thank you Mrs. Barrett, Mrs. Gloss, and Mrs. Harbert) into a life well richly spent absorbing the vast panorama of literature in the English language. Many of these texts are not easy to assimilate (that's the glory of the scope of literature), that require some effort and some thought and some intelligent back-and-forth conversations--all the more important and useful between a good teacher and a probing, enquiring student.

This idea that, "let 'em choose what they want, they'll figure it out without any input from a real teacher" just baffles me. What then, I must wonder, is the point of having a teacher of literature at all?

I'm glad I grew up in West Virginia in the 1960s where I got the best secondary education a person could hope to have, and was given challenges in literature that have since enriched my entire life. The popular literature of the day then has vanished into the ether of all churning media while Shakespeare, Donne, Melville, Keats and a whole galaxy of authors in our language remain bright in my firmament, alongside the best writing in history, science, and social commentary.

I am a veteran semi-retired teacher (43 years). Reading workshop
was all the rage in my district from about 1996-2006. I found that it was most effective when used as a way to motivate students to read more. It was not the “only” form of instruction I used. We also read novels (whole class) and stories from our basal, and I read to them orally. We focused on comprehension and understanding with written responses when doing basal reading, literature circles, or whole class novels. During independent reading (reading workshop) kids shared books they were excited about with each other, wrote book talk paragraphs to share a book with the class orally or on a book club or group site (like moodle), and responded to in depth questions about their books in reading journals. I read every book they were reading before I asked them to respond to my questions in their reading journals. It is definitely a good thing to introduce children to challenging literature, but also valuable to give them encouragement and opportunities to read books THEY are interested in and are at their reading level as well. Children of today don’t really know how to pick a good book to read. When they become excited about reading because a friend shares a book or series they love with them, it’s an opportunity to deepen their experience as a reader, and to read MORE.