Why We Need to Teach Sentence Comprehension
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syntax 
03 October, 2020
24 Comments
“For the want of a nail the shoe was lost;
For the want of a shoe the horse was lost;
For the want of a horse the battle was lost;
For the failure of battle the kingdom was lost;--
And all for the want of a horseshoe nail.”
-James Baldwin
This oft used litany reminds me of reading:
For the want of phonemic awareness the decoding was lost; for the want of phonics the fluency was lost… you get the idea. The abilities that comprise reading are hierarchical, each nested in the other (though it is not as linear as the horseshoe nail formula—we don’t completely accomplish a reading step before the onset of the later ones, and those later steps can enhance the earlier ones; phonemic awareness, for example, is easier to accomplish when the phonics that it enables, is itself being taught).
Over the years, I’ve written a lot about letters and phonemes, decoding, fluency, vocabulary and the like. Recent research (Sorenson, et al., 2020) reminds me of an important step in the learning sequence that we tend to skip. Reading researchers have assiduously explored the importance of vocabulary and text structure in reading comprehension, as well they should; these are important aspects of language that have been found to facilitate the ability to understand text. But between these two linguistic extremes (the smallest chunks and the largest), there is the seemingly unloved sentence.
Correlational studies have long demonstrated that one’s ability to negotiate the meaning of sentences is connected to reading comprehension. This connection has been shown by comparing performances with texts that vary in their sentence complexity (think of all the studies of readability), by correlating the results of grammar tests and reading comprehension tests, and by evaluating good and poor reading comprehenders’ ability to understand particular oral sentence structures (as in the recent study, that explored passive and active sentences). Sorenson and colleagues reported that passive sentences were markedly harder for fifth graders to understand.
Despite the long history of such research, that has not translated into substantial efforts to improve students’ comprehension through sentence instruction.
Part of the reason for that may be due to the long-noted failure of explicit grammar instruction to improve writing quality or reading comprehension (e.g., Braddock, Lloyd-Jones, & Schoer, 1963). If grammar instruction doesn’t help, then why pursue the issue?
At one time, I would have agreed with that. I can’t say I took to formal grammar instruction much as a boy, and in fact, I considered it to be quite a pain in my nether reaches. As children we were tortured with sentence diagramming exercises that I still don’t really understand when one gets much beyond the declarative sentences of the Hemingway variety.
But I’ve come to believe that the issue is more subtle and that the expectation that general grammar instruction should enhance reading or writing for native speakers is somewha simplistic. Readers must be able to understand sentences, but they must do so like proficient language users, not linguists. If a student can construct sentences that make sense and tease out the meanings of those sentences they confront in texts, then I don’t care much whether they can explain the difference between an infinitive and a participle or know what a gerund is.
I’m not rejecting the value of formal grammar instruction altogether either. It clearly helps when one is studying a second language, at least with regard to sentence constructions that differ across languages. For instance, in English a simple sentence may follow the sequence: Subject – Verb – Direct Object… while in French, it would be Subject – Direct Object – Verb. It can help to have somebody point that out.(If you’re French and trying to learn English you don’t want to say, “John him called”).
Steve Graham helpfully pointed out in his meta-analyses on writing instruction that while formal grammar had a negative effect size (meaning the comparison groups outperformed the grammar groups), unlike the other approaches to instruction, grammar was always in the role of control group. What this means is that grammar was never tested in a circumstance in which the researchers were striving to make it work. All the new materials, professional development, classroom visits, and the like were showered on the alternative approach being touted by the researchers. Perhaps if someone set out to make formal grammar teaching work, it might fare better in such studies.
But even if not, it strikes me that instruction in how to make sense of sentences could play an important role in reading comprehension.
We don’t monitor students’ comprehension of text especially closely. Oh, we evaluate comprehension both formally (e.g., standardized tests) and informally (e.g., classroom discussions, teacher questions). But we aren’t especially attentive to the potential sources of the misunderstandings. Where did the students go wrong?
If we recognize that students may struggle with sentences written in the passive voice, then it would behoove us to teach reading with some texts that use this difficult construction. Our monitoring of student success in this case would not simply pursue general questions about the ideas in the text. They would zero in on the ideas expressed in those passive voice sentences to see if that was part of the problem. Obviously the same could be done with all kinds of grammatical constructions (several problematic ones have been identified in the research literature).
When students fail to understand such sentences, it would make sense not just to tell them they got it wrong. We’d want to show them how to make sense of those kinds of sentences. A student who easily understands, “The cat chased the dog” may be confused by, “The dog was chased by the cat.” Teaching students to keep their eyes open for that kind of sentence and how to either translate it to its active form or to question who was doing the chasing seem to be in order.
Of course, that kind of teaching cannot be beneficial in an instructional environment in which students are protected from language complexity (e.g., the instructional level). If students are to spend their instructional time reading texts they can already understand easily, then teaching them to make sense of complicated sentences won’t improve their performance and kids will soon learn to disregard what for them would be unproductive teaching.
We do something like this with vocabulary; intentionally introducing words we think students may not know and supporting them with vocabulary instruction. (As with grammar, the value of such instruction varies to the extent that comprehension turns on the meaning of those words. Vocabulary instruction has greater effects when comprehension is evaluated with texts containing the taught words than with texts that don’t).
Reading instruction should intentionally place students in situations in which their understanding of a text will depend upon their ability to surmount some particular conceptual or linguistic barriers. As noted, vocabulary instruction often does that. We should also be doing it with morphology, sentence grammar, cohesive links, text structure, and the like.
For the want of a word a sentence was lost;
For the want of a sentence the text was lost;
For the want of a text the learning was lost;
For the failure of learning the kingdom will truly be lost.
Reference
Sorenson Duncan, T., Mimeau, C., Crowell, N., & Deacon, S. H. (2020). Not all sentences are created equal: Evaluating the relation between children’s understanding of basic and difficult sentences and their reading comprehension. Journal of Educational Psychology, doi:http://dx.doi.org.proxy.cc.uic.edu/10.1037/edu0000545
I agree 100% that we need to spend more time focused on SENTENCES—comprehending them and building them. Readers here might want to check out my book USING GRAMMAR TO IMPROVE WRITING: https://theliteracycookbook.wordpress.com/2018/05/24/my-new-book-using-grammar-to-improve-writing-is-now-available/
Thanks, Tim, for shining a light on this often neglected aspect of comprehension instruction. As you and S. Graham note, formal grammar instruction focused primarily on labeling parts of speech does not get you very far in terms of helping students develop sentence skills. The focus needs to be on activities that help students unpack complex sentences and expand simple sentences, especially those kinds of activities that have students practice manipulating words within sentences. As Graham's report Writing Next points out, there is a long research history supporting the use of sentence combining to improve both the comprehension and writing skills of students across all grades, even into college. Other activities such as sentence scrambles, sentence expansion and elaboration using "W" questions suggested by Marilyn Adams, and the expanded kernel sentence suggested by my colleagues Charles Haynes and Terry Jennings from the Landmark School are also helpful. I'm also glad that you pointed out the need to make sure we expose students to complex, challenging sentences in what they read. These sentences then become excellent sources for completing sentence activities. If your readers are interested, I wrote three blog posts this past year that offer suggestions for teaching sentence skills that support both comprehension and writing: "Cohesive Ties" on Aug 19, "Sentence Structure Part 1" on June 2, and "Sentence Structure Part 2" on July 7. The posts can be accessed at the "Literacy Lines" blog site: https://keystoliteracy.com/blog/
I can't agree with you Tim that "phonemic awareness,,, is easier to accomplish when the phonics that it enables, is itself being taught." My experience teaching children with synthetic phonics, and my reading of researcher David Share, indicate to me just the opposite: that "phonemic awareness develops only in the specific context of learning to read an alphabetic script.”
More from David Share: "Most children develop an awareness of phonemes as they learn to read.”
In short, phonemic awareness doesn't enable phonics Tim; phonics, properly taught, quickly enables phonemic awareness.
Stephen Parker (@ParkerPhonics)
Here's a sentence from an old song from the 40's. I'm my own grandpa. BTW it is possible to be your own grandpa. Check out the rather funny song on YouTube based on that 1940's song. Also, E=MC2. Both may be a bit off your point but not really. Back in the day I used these two things as examples of how some easy to decode items can contain very complex ideas. I think that statement is much closer to your point. I fully agree that it is important to teach students how to unpack meaning at the sentence level. Being able to decode a sentence does not automatically lead to understanding that sentence, and there is more to comprehension than just listening comprehension. I recognize there are some who maintain otherwise, but there is considerable research evidence showing that there is more to reading comprehension than just listening comprehension. . So I have to strongly agree to the idea that " Reading instruction should intentionally place students in situations in which their understanding of a text will depend upon their ability to surmount some particular conceptual or linguistic barriers." Based on the research of Nell Duke and others I would first try using the gradual release model to do any form of direct teaching about comprehension. @doctorsam7, doctorsam7.blog
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